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Browser game

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Play.Freeciv.org screenshot
The browser version of Freeciv

A browser game is a video game that is played via the internet using a web browser.[1] They are mostly free-to-play and can be single-player or multiplayer. Alternative names for the browser game genre reference their software platform used, with common examples being Flash games[2] and HTML5 games.[3][4]

Some browser games are also available as mobile apps or PC games, or on consoles. For users, the advantage of the browser version is not having to install the game; the browser automatically downloads the necessary content from the game's website. However, the browser version may have fewer features or inferior graphics compared to the others, which are usually native apps. Browser games also had a huge influence on independent video games.

The front end of a browser game is what runs in the user's browser. It is implemented with the standard web technologies of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and WebAssembly. In addition, WebGL and WebGPU enable more sophisticated graphics. On the back end, numerous server technologies can be used.

Most browser games were originally created with Adobe Flash, but as Adobe Flash was shut down on December 31, 2020, special browser plug-ins are now required.[5][6][7] Thousands of these games have been preserved by the Flashpoint project.[8][9] The emulation plug-in Ruffle aims to continue browser accessibility of Flash games.[10]

History

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Early browser games

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When the Internet first became widely available and initial web browsers with basic HTML support were released, the earliest browser games were similar to text-based Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs), minimizing interactions to what implemented through simple browser controls but supporting online interactions with other players through a basic client–server model.[11] One of the first known examples of a browser game was Earth 2025, first released in 1995. It featured only text but allowed players to interact and form alliances with other players of the game.[12]

Browser technology quickly began to mature in the mid-1990s with support for browser plug-ins and the introduction of JavaScript. More advanced browser interactions, unbounded by the restrictions of HTML and that used client-side processing were possible. Among other browser extensions, these new plug-ins allowed users to run applets made in the Java language and interactive animations created in Macromedia Flash. These technologies were initially intended to provide web page developers tools to create fully immersive, interactive websites, though this use fell out of favor as it was considered elitism and broke expected browsing behavior. Instead, these technologies found use by programmers to create small browser games among other unexpected uses such as general animation tools.[13][14]

Sites began to emerge in the late 1990s to collect these browser games and other works, such as Sun Microsystems' HotJava.[15] These sites started to become a popular commodity as they drew web visitors. Microsoft acquired one such site, The Village, in 1996, and rebranded it as the Internet Gaming Zone, offering various card and board browser games.[16] ClassicGames.com was created in 1997 to host a selection of classic, Java-based online multiplayer games such as chess and checkers; its popularity led Yahoo! to purchase the site in 1998 and rebranding it as Yahoo! Games.[16]

Flash era (1999-2010)

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In 1999, Tom Fulp kickstarted the Flash games scene with the release of the game Pico's School on his site Newgrounds that featured a "complexity of design and polish in presentation that was virtually unseen in amateur Flash game development" of the time.[17][18][19]

Many Flash games in the late 1990s and early 2000s received attention through the use of shock comedy or real-world events, like McDonald's Videogame, a satire of McDonald's' business practices, or Darfur is Dying, about the War in Darfur, Sudan. In 2017, Julie Muncy writing for Wired said, "Flash games lent themselves to the exaggerated and cartoonish, a style that eventually evolved into an affection-at least amongst its best creators-for beautiful grotesquerie. Like much of the younger gaming internet, Flash games defined boundaries simply to cross them; the best titles straddled a weird line between innocence and cruelty, full of gorgeous gore and enthralling body horror".[20] In Pico's School, based on the Columbine shootings, the player must take down a goth school shooter.[21] There are a few other controversies involving browser games and real-world events, such as the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting reenactment V-Tech Rampage,[22] and NRA CEO Wayne LaPierre targeting the game Kindergarten Killers after the 2012 Sandy Hook shootings.[23]

Expansion of broadband connectivity in the early 2000s drew more people to play browser games through these sites, as well as added attention as viral phenomenon.[24][25] New sites like Kongregate and Armor Games arose for hosting Flash-based games while also offering their own titles,[26] while companies like PopCap Games and King launched their own portals featuring titles they had developed. Social media sites also drove more players to browser games. Facebook, after launching in 2004, added support for browser game functionality that integrated with its social network features, creating social network games, notably with Zynga's FarmVille.[27] The success of browser games did hurt some developers. Humongous Entertainment reported that they lost players to Flash games in the early 2000s.[28]

Indie games

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Browser games were an important platform for the emergence of indie games. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the video game industry had started to coalesce around triple-A development, games made by large studios with multi-million dollar budgets. Because of the money involved, the industry took few risks in these major titles, and experimental games were generally overlooked.[29] Browser games gave a venue for such titles during the early 2000s, and the broader interest in-browser games by the mid-2000s highlighted several of these titles. Subsequently, a number of early indie games are those based on browser games, such as The Behemoth's Castle Crashers, inspired by Newgrounds' Alien Hominid and Edmund McMillen's Super Meat Boy based on his Meat Boy browser game.[26] Other indie developers got their start in browser and Flash games, including Vlambeer, Bennett Foddy, and Maddy Thorson.[26]

Decline of Flash (2010-2015)

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Flash games peaked in popularity around the mid-2000s, and by the early 2010s the format was in decline. This was due to two main factors: the rise of mobile gaming, which accelerated with the release of the iPhone in 2007, and Apple's 2010 announcement that the devices would not support Flash.[26] The App Store and its in-app purchases were a new revenue model that emerged fairly quickly, and outpaced the ad-driven approach of the Flash era. Google used the same concepts for developing the Android storefront Play Store. Many developers either augmented browser games or shifted to the mobile platform to take advantage of the new revenue opportunities; notably, King transitioned one of its browser games into one of the most successful mobile games, Candy Crush Saga.[30]

Steve Jobs' open letter to Adobe in 2010 stated that Apple would not support Flash on the iPhone platform due to security concerns and other factors. Critics pointed out that the move was made in order to promote Apple's own "walled garden" approach, and that Jobs personally "hated" Flash.[31][32] The move ultimately led to a long term deprecation of Flash, with Adobe announcing a move to the open HTML5 standard the following year, and developers abandoned the platform.[33]

Some browser games did continue to be made in other formats throughout the early 2010s, including HTML5, WebGL, and WebAssembly.[34] Adobe announced the discontinuation of the format in 2017[35], and this took place in 2021. Projects such as the the Flashpoint Archive exist for the preservation of these titles.

.io games (2015- present)

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"Io game" redirects here. For the 2006 visual novel, see I/O (video game).
.io domain logo

Agar.io was announced on 4chan on 27 April, 2015 by Matheus Valadares,[36] a then 19-year-old Brazilian developer. In the game, players control one or more circular cells in a large map with many players, representing a Petri dish. The goal is to gain as much mass as possible by eating cells and player cells smaller than the player's cell while avoiding larger ones which can eat the player's cells. The game went viral on the free online games site Miniclip, and began a wave of new .io titles from around 2016- a new genre of large scale, arena based browser games, identifiable by their hosting at the .io domain.[37][38][39][40]

Slither.io was the second .io game to be released, which is a free for all multiplayer game that is in the Snake genre. The basic premise of the game has 50 players compete to eat colored orbs and grow as large as possible, while destroying other player's snakes.[41] The game was created in 2016 by Steven Howse, a self-taught independent developer who was inspired to make it after playing Agar.io. The game quickly rose to be the top game on many platforms.[42]

Starting in around 2016, soon after the popularity spikes of Agar.io and Slither.io, more games in the .io games genre began to be released.[43][44] Many of these games were simple clones of popular games, usually released in a top down-format.[38] Some notable games released in this period include Diep.io (another game by Matheus Valadares),[45] ZombsRoyale.io,[46] Krunker.io, Wings.io, Surviv.io, Hole.io, and Snake.io. These games all remain popular and are some of the most played games in the .io games genre.

During COVID-19, .io games became very popular because of their accessibility on the web. Most games, not just .io games, however, also experienced growth during this time.[47]

Original or popularised genres

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Several game genres were either first developed as, or popularised by, browser titles. These include:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ D Schultheiss: Long-term motivations to play MMOGs: A longitudinal study on motivations, experience and behavior, page 344. DiGRA, 2007.
  2. ^ Pot, Justin. "How to Play All of Those Old Flash Games You Remember". Wired.
  3. ^ "GameSnacks are Google's new HTML5 games designed for bad internet connections". 14 February 2020.
  4. ^ "Korean game startup Pangalore targets HTML5 games". 15 November 2011.
  5. ^ "Google Chrome 88 released: RIP Flash Player". Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  6. ^ "End of support for Adobe Flash". Mozilla. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  7. ^ Tyagi, Anubhav (2021-11-11). "15 Best Adobe Flash Player Alternatives/Replacement In 2024". TechWorm. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  8. ^ Bailey, Dustin (February 1, 2020). "Every Flash game disappears forever in 2020 – but this project has preserved 38,000 of them". PCGamesN. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  9. ^ Morton, Lauren (January 31, 2020). "Flashpoint launcher is saving Flash games from impending extinction". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  10. ^ "Ruffle - Flash Emulator". ruffle.rs. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  11. ^ Vanhatupa, Juha-Matti (2010). "Browser games for online communities". International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks. 2 (3): 39–47. doi:10.5121/ijwmn.2010.2303.
  12. ^ Berzon, Alexandra (January 13, 2011). "Jared Lee Loughner's Secret Online Life on Earth Empires". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  13. ^ Fox, Chris (December 31, 2020). "Adobe Flash Player is finally laid to rest". BBC News. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  14. ^ Lawhead, Nathalie (November 24, 2020). "The forgotten Flash Website movement (when websites were 'the new emerging artform')". Gamasutra. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  15. ^ Maiberg, Emanuel; Smith, Ernie (2017-08-10). "Yahoo! Games' Demise Shows What the Death of Flash Could Feel Like". Vice. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  16. ^ a b "Come Into the Online Parlor, Relax With Board Games Like Checkers, Chess". Los Angeles Times. 1997-10-09. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  17. ^ Moss, Richard C. (7 July 2020). "The rise and fall of Adobe Flash". Ars Technica. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  18. ^ Salter, Anastasia (2014). Flash : building the interactive web. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9780262028028.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ Williams, Andrew (2017). History of digital games : developments in art, design and interaction. Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 9781138885530.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ Muncy, Julie (2017-07-29). "You Might Not Miss Flash, But Videogames Will". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  21. ^ Murray, Anastasia Salter, John (2014-11-29). "How Flash Games Shaped the Internet". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-07-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ "Virtual school shootings: interviewing two of the most hated game creators alive". destructoid. Archived from the original on 2016-04-18. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
  23. ^ "NRA blames video games like 'Kindergarten Killer' for Sandy Hook". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
  24. ^ "Casual games make a serious impact". 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  25. ^ Koebler, Jason (2015-04-10). "Gone in a Flash: The Race to Save the Internet's Least Favorite Tool". Vice. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  26. ^ a b c d Reeves, Ben (December 22, 2018). "How Flash Games Changed Video Game History". Game Informer. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  27. ^ Good, Owen S. (2017-07-08). "The rise and fall of Flash gaming, explained". Polygon. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  28. ^ Clark, Nicole; Walker, Austin; Zacny, Rob (2019-05-09). "From 'Putt Putt' to 'Freddi Fish'—How Humongous Entertainment Made Edutainment Fun". Vice. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  29. ^ Cobbett, Richard (September 22, 2017). "From shareware superstars to the Steam gold rush: How indie conquered the PC". PC Gamer. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
  30. ^ Takihashi, Dean (August 18, 2014). "Lessons from a game guru: Candy Crush Saga creator once survived six months without pay". Venture Beat. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  31. ^ Bangeman, Eric (30 April 2010). "Pot, meet kettle: a response to Steve Jobs' letter on Flash". Ars Technica.
  32. ^ Gross, Doug (9 November 2011). "Did Steve Jobs kill Adobe Flash? | CNN Business". CNN.
  33. ^ Gross, Doug (November 9, 2011). "Did Steve Jobs kill Adobe Flash?". CNN. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  34. ^ Koebler, Jason (2017-07-26). "Flash Will Never Die". Vice. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  35. ^ "Flash & The Future of Interactive Content". Adobe Inc. July 25, 2017. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
  36. ^ "The story of Agar.io | Gamehag". gamehag.com. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
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  39. ^ Burgess, Matt (April 12, 2016). "How addictive simplicity made Agar.io a global hit". Wired UK. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  40. ^ Lindsey, Cameron (March 2019). "Agar.io: The Game's in the Name". Games and Culture. 14 (2): 154–169. doi:10.1177/1555412018821483. S2CID 150281404. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  41. ^ Switzer, Eric (2019-07-09). "Where Slither.io Came From And Why It's So Popular". TheGamer. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
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  44. ^ Hadley, Jupiter (17 September 2024). "Top 23 best .io games for iPhone and iPad (iOS)". Pocket Gamer. Steel Media. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  45. ^ Hodapp, Eli (21 July 2016). "'Diep.io' Hits the App Store From the Creator of 'Agar.io'". TouchArcade. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  46. ^ Madnani, Mikhail (May 11, 2018). "'ZombsRoyale.io' Is a 2D Top Down Battle Royale That Blends 'PUBG' and 'Fortnite, Available Now on iOS". TouchArcade. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  47. ^ "The Gang | The Gaming Industry After Covid-19". www.thegang.io. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  48. ^ Parkin, Simon (June 7, 2013). "Don't Stop: The Game That Conquered Smartphones". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.<
  49. ^ Vaz, Christian (21 June 2023). "The best io games 2024". PCGamesN. Network N. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  50. ^ IDN Code Points Policy for the .IO Top Level Domain (PDF), NIC.IO, archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-12-18, retrieved 2005-12-11
  51. ^ "Tower Defense: Bringing the genre back - PALGN Video Game Feature - PAL Gaming Network". web.archive.org. 3 February 2014.
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